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Surrogate Partner Therapy Bibliography

Abrams, P. (1979).  The use of a “surrogate” partner in the treatment of single males with sexual dysfunctions. Unpublished masters thesis, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco.


Aloni, R., Dangui, N., Ulman, UY. Lia, N. (1994). A model for Surrogate Therapy in a rehabilitation center.  International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 7(2), 141-151.


Aloni, R., Keren, O. & Katz, S. (2007). Sex Therapy Surrogate Partners for Individuals with Very Limited Functional Ability Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Sex & Disability 25: 125.


Apfelbaum, B. (1977). The myth of the surrogate. J of Sex Research, 13 (4), 238-249.


Apfelbaum, B. (1984). The ego-analytic approach to individual body-work sex therapy: Five case examples. Journal of Sex Research, 20 (1), 44-70.


Ben‐Zion, I., Rothschild, S., Chudakov, B., & Aloni, R. (2007). Surrogate versus couple therapy in vaginismus. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4(3), 728-733.


Blanchard, V. (1997, Feb.)  The IPSA Process of Working With Surrogate Partners. Course at the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco. 


Blanchard, V. (1998, August). Clients’ Relationship to Pornography. Paper presented at the World Conference on Pornography, California State University Northridge.


Blanchard, V. (2000, April).  Understanding Erotic Inhibition. Paper presented at Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Western Region Conference, San Diego, California.


Blanchard, V. (2001, March).  The Tapestry of Surrogate Partner Therapy. San Diego Therapist. San Diego Chapter of California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists, San Diego, California.


Blanchard, V., & McCombs, M. (2001, April). Self Actualization in Surrogate Partner Therapy: Case Studies of Transformational Intimacy. Paper presented at the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Western Region Conference, Costa Mesa, California.


Blanchard, V. (2001, May).  Five Clinicians and a Client.  Symposium on female sexual dysfunction presented at the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists Conference, San Francisco, California.


Blanchard, V. (2001, November). Intimacy-Focused Surrogate Partner Therapy. Paper presented at the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Conference, San Diego, California.


Blanchard, V. (2002, May).  Intimacy-Focused Surrogate Partner Therapy.  Presentation at the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists in Miami, Florida


Cole, M. (1977). The aetiology and treatment of sex disorders: The socio-sexual parameters of a male patient sample and the results of a programme using surrogate partner therapy. British Assoc. of Behavioural Psychology (B.A.B.P.) bulletin, 5 (1),  January 1977, pp 2-3.


Cole, M. J. (1982). The use of surrogate sex partners in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. British Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9, 13-20.


Cole, M. (1986). Socio-sexual characteristics of men with sexual problems. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 1, 89-108.


Crenshaw T.L. (1985). The sexual aversion syndrome. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 11(4), 285-92.
Dannacher, L.A., (1986).  Self-concept and sexual adjustment of female partner surrogates. Dissertation abstracts international, Vol 46 (11-B), May 1986, 4007-4008.


Dauw, D.C. (1988). Evaluating the effectiveness of the SECS surrogate-assisted sex therapy model.  Journal of Sex Research 24, 269-275.


De Silva, Padmal, (1994). Psychological treatment of sexual problems. International Review of Psychiatry, Vol 6(2-3), 163-173.


Elias, M. (1977). Sex Surrogates: The Sensual Therapy.  Human Behavior, 17-23.


Gilbert, S.D. (1975).  The female sexual partner surrogate as an emerging member of the mental health team.  Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. 36 (6-B) December 1975, pp. 3002-3003.


Gray, P.J (1986).  Female sex surrogates: Their personal sexual behavior and attitudes.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco, California.


Greene, S. (2008). Resisting the Pressure to become a surrogate:  A case study.  Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 3(1), 40-49.


Hall, J.E., & Hare-Muston, R.T. (1983). Sanctions and the diversity of ethical complaints against psychologists. Questions regarding three contemporary ethical dilemmas: bartering, use of sexual surrogates, use of collection agencies.  American Psychologist, 38 (6), 714-729.


Hallam-Jones, R. (2008). Sexual surrogate partner therapy. Sex and Relationship Therapy, 23(3), 280-281.


Hartman, W.E., & Fithian, M.A. (1974). Treatment of sexual dysfunction: A bio-psycho-social approach.  Long Beach, California: Center for Marital and Sexual Studies.


Jacobs, M., Thompson, L.A., & Truxau, P. (1975).  The use of sexual surrogates in counseling.  Counseling Psychologist, 5 (1), 73-76.


Johnston, D.R. (1978). Some current practices in sex therapy with surrogate partners. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles.


Kaplan, H.S. (1974). The New Sex Therapy. Active Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions. New York: Brunner/Mazel and Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.


Kaplan H.S. (1988, April). Intimacy disorders and sexual panic states. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy,14(1), 3-12.


Kaplan H.S. (1988, October).  Anxiety and sexual dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49(Suppl), 21-25


Kaplan H.S., Fyer A.J., & Novick A. (1982).  The treatment of sexual phobias: the combined use of anti-panic medication and sex therapy. J Sex Marital Therapy, 8(1),3-28.


Kaye, S. (2000). Surrogate Treatment: A case study of male clients and surrogacy coaching. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco).
Kilmann, P. R., Boland, J. P., Norton, S. P., Davidson, E., & Caid, C. (1986). Perspectives of sex therapy outcome: A survey of AASECT providers. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 12(2), 116-138.


Lawrence, M., & Blanchard, V. (2002, February). Issues in clinical sexology: Working with surrogate partners. W.B. Pomeroy Lecture Series, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco, California.


Len, M., & Fischer, J. (1978). Clinicians’ attitudes toward and use of four body contact or sexual techniques with clients.  Journal of Sex Research, 14(1), 40-49.
Levine, S.B. (1977). Current problems in the diagnosis of psychological impotence.  Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 3 (3), 176-186.


LoPiccolo, J. , & LoPiccolo, L. (1978). Handbook of Sex Therapy. New York: Plenum Press


Malamuth, N., Wanderer, Z., Sayner, R., & Durrell, D. (1976). Utilization of surrogate partners: A survey of health professionals.  J .of Adolescent Medicine and health, 7 (2), 141-151.


Malamuth, N., Wanderer, Z., Sayner, R. Durrell, D. (1976).  Utilization of surrogate partners: A survey of health professionals. J. of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 7, 149-150.


Malin, M. H. (1986). Sexual behavior and attitudes in the private lives of male sex surrogates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco.


Master, W.H., Johnson, V.E. (1970). Human Sexual Inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.


Masters, W.H, Johnson, V.E., Kolody, R.C. (Eds) 1977.  Ethical Issues in Sex Therapy and Research, Volume l. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.


Masters, W.H., Johnson, V.E., Kolody, R.C., Weems, S.M. (Eds) (1980). Ethical Issues in Sex Therapy and Research, Volume 2.  Boston: Little, Brown & Co.


Noonan, R. (1984).  Sex Surrogates:  A clarification of the function. Masters Thesis. Published on sexquest.com


Noonan, R. (2003). Sex surrogates: The continuing controversy.  International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, Francour and Noonan (editors). http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/us.php#surrogates


O’Brien, M. (1990). On seeing a sex surrogate.  The Sun Magazine.


Pearlman P.T. (1986). Sexuality and the physically disabled: Beyond verbal therapy. In: Kothari, P. (ed.), Proceedings of the 7th World Congress of Sexology.New Delhi.


Poelzl, L. (2001). Bisexual issues in sex therapy: A bisexual surrogate partner relates her experiences from the field. Journal of Bisexuality, 1, 121-142. (also reprinted in  Journal of Bisexuality, 11(4), 385-388.)


Reese, R. (1981).  Group treatment of sexual dysfunction in gay men.  Journal of Homosexuality Special Issue: Homosexuality and psychotherapy 7 (Winter-Spring), 113-129.


Reece, R. (1988). Special issues in the etiologies and treatments of sexual problems among gay men. Journal of homosexuality, 15(1-2), 43-57.


Reynolds, B. (1991). Psychological treatment of erectile dysfunction in men without partners: Outcome results and a new direction.  J. of Sex and Marital Therapy Special Issue: The treatment of male erectile disorders, 17 (2), 136-146.


Reynolds, B., Blanchard, V. (1998).​ Integrating New Approaches to Anxiety, PTSD and Personality Disorders with Intimacy-focused Surrogate Partner Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Men Without Partners. Paper presented at the joint conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality and the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists, Los Angeles.


Richardson JD (1991). Has surrogate therapy a place in treating sexual dysfunction? Med. J. of Austria, 1991 Nov 18;155(10):689-90.


Roberts, B.M. (1976, May).  Sex is the least of it.  Paper presented Conference on Professional and Legal Issues in the Use of Surrogate Partner in Sex Therapy, University of California, Los Angeles, California, May 21, 1976.


Roberts, B.M. (1977). The training and utilization of surrogates in sex therapy. Speech delivered at the Tenth National Sex Institute of the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists April 1977.


Roberts, B.M. (1978) Monograph I: Experiencing intimacy through expanded sexuality. Center for Social and Sensory Learning, Los Angeles.


Roberts, B.M. (2012) The Sexual Surrogate. InnerSelf Website, most recently accessed: http://innerself.com/content/relationships/sexuality/education/5161-the-sexual-surrogate.html


Roberts, B.M. (1981). The use of surrogate partners in sex therapy. In D. A. Brown & Chary (Eds.), Sexuality in America, 283-300. Anne Arbor: Greenfield Books.


Roberts,  B. M. (1994).  The Sex Surrogate. In Stubbs, K.R., Women of the light. California: Secret Garden Publishing.


Rosenbaum T1, Aloni R, Heruti R. (2014). Surrogate partner therapy: ethical considerations in sexual medicine. J Sex Medicine, 2014 Feb;11(2):321-9.


Savage, L.E. (1983). Dimensions of sexual functions of surrogate partners in sex therapy.  Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, International College, Los Angeles.


Savage, L.E. (1983, August) An emerging typology of the surrogate role. Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Conference of the International Professional Surrogates Association, Los Angeles.


Sexuality Today (1982). Survey: Majority support use of surrogates, but do no use them.  Sexuality Today 6(6.) 


Sommers, F.G. (1978).  Treatment of male sexual dysfunction in a psychiatric practice integrating the sexual therapy practitioner. Paper presented at the 3rd International Congress of Sexology, Rome, Italy, October 25, 1978, and 59th Annual Meeting, Ontario Psychiatric Association Toronto, Ontario, Canada, January 27, 1979.


Sommers, F. (1978). Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction in a Psychiatric Practice Integrating the Sexual Therapy Practitioner. Medical Sexology, Littleton, Mass.: PSG Publishing, 1978.


Sommers, F.G. (1980).  Some considerations on the psychodynamics of the psychiatrist, patient and sexual therapy practitioner (surrogate) relationship in modern sex therapy. Presented at the 4th World Congress of Sexology, December 18, 1979, Mexico City and the 60th Annual Meeting, Ontario Psychiatric Association, January 27, 1980, Toronto.


Stravynski, A. (1986). Indirect behavioral treatment of erectile failure and premature ejaculation in a man without a partner.  Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 355-361.


Stravynski, A., Greenberg, D. (1990). The treatment of sexual dysfunction in single men. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 5 (2)


Stone, C. (1983). Medical Q &A: Sex surrogate Vena Blanchard helps men regain their self-confidence.  Us Magazine, August.


Tarsha, A.A., Xantus, A., Arana R. (2016). Can Sex Partner Therapy Treat Sexual Distress and Dysfunction in Transgender Patients After Gender Confirmation Surgery? J Sex Marital Therapy, Oct 2;42(7):573-5.


Williams, Martin H. (1978). Individual Sex Therapy.  Handbook of Sex Therapy, LoPiccolo, and LoPiccolo (Eds.), New York: Plenum Press.


Wolfe, L. (1978). The question of surrogates in sex therapy. Handbook of sex therapy, LoPiccolo, and LoPiccolo (Eds.), New York: Plenum Press, 491-497.


Zilbergeld, B. (1975). Group treatment of sexual dysfunction in men without partners. J. of Sex & Marital Therapy 1(3), 204-214.


Zilbergeld, B. (1980).  Alternative to Couples Counseling for Sex Problems: Group and Individual Treatment.  Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 6 (1).


Zilbergeld, B. (1992). The New Male Sexuality. Bantam Books, New York.


Zilbergeld, B. (1999).  The New Male Sexuality, Revised Edition. BantamBooks, New York.


Zilbergeld, B., Ellison, C. (1979).  Social skills as an adjunct to sex therapy.  Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 5 (4), 340-358

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